现有极高速成像系统存在元件复杂、系统庞大以及视场受限的问题。基于螳螂虾小眼和复眼结构提出一种结构紧凑的极高速成像方法，可应用于多种视场和时间范围。仿生极高速成像仿生微绒毛阵列结构，以条纹结构光照明和空间角分复用为基础，实现图像的压缩和瞬态事件时序图像的重现。仿生螳螂虾小眼结构，可以实现视场极高速成像；而复眼系统结构上有小眼系统拼接组成，可以突破限制现大视场极高速成像。时间延迟结构与照明成像光路分离，可以实现飞秒至皮秒时间尺度的瞬态事件记录。因此，仿生多视场极高速成像理论上可以应用于各种视场的成像，仿真实验的摄影频率可以达到1.2×10¹³ 帧/s，还原图像分辨率可以达到80.6 lp/mm。仿生极高速成像为大范围、群体性瞬态事件的探测提供了可能，例如光在散射介质中的传播、随机运动等，并且其结构紧凑，为极高速成像仪器的小型化、轻量化打下基础。

转镜式超高速成像摄影机具有大画幅、大画幅数、高空间分辨率、宽光谱波段，以及摄影频率宽广和使用可靠方便的优势，在微秒级成像领域具有重要应用，至今依然没有任何一种电子类摄影机在画幅数、摄影速度、空间分辨率和动态范围诸方面能和转镜式摄影机相匹敌。本文论述了转镜式超高速摄影技术在其信息论的拓扑、转镜动力学的探索、转镜摄影机现代设计理论和“皇冠上的珍珠”等待型分幅扫描同时成像系统研究诸方面的进展，期望能诠释中国何以能成为转镜式超高速摄影技术的强国。

We report a framing imaging based on noncollinear optical parametric amplification (NCOPA), named FINCOPA, which applies NCOPA for the first time to single-shot ultrafast optical imaging. In an experiment targeting a laser-induced air plasma grating, FINCOPA achieved 50 fs-resolved optical imaging with a spatial resolution of ～83 lp / mm and an effective frame rate of 10 trillion frames per second (Tfps). It has also successfully visualized an ultrafast rotating optical field with an effective frame rate of 15 Tfps. FINCOPA has simultaneously a femtosecond-level temporal resolution and frame interval and a micrometer-level spatial resolution. Combining outstanding spatial and temporal resolutions with an ultrahigh frame rate, FINCOPA will contribute to high-spatiotemporal resolution observations of ultrafast transient events, such as atomic or molecular dynamics in photonic materials, plasma physics, and laser inertial-confinement fusion.

A tunable ultrafast intensity-rotating optical field is generated by overlapping a pair of 20 Hz, 800 nm chirped pulses with a Michelson interferometer (MI). Its rotating rate can be up to 10 trillion radians per second ($\text{Trad}/\text{s}$), which can be flexibly tuned with a mirror in the MI. Besides, its fold rotational symmetry structure is also changeable by controlling the difference from the topological charges of the pulse pair. Experimentally, we have successfully developed a two-petal lattice with a tunable rotating speed from $3.9~\text{Trad}/\text{s}$ up to $11.9~\text{Trad}/\text{s}$, which is confirmed by our single-shot ultrafast frame imager based on noncollinear optical-parametric amplification with its highest frame rate of 15 trillion frames per second (Tfps). This work is carried out at a low repetition rate. Therefore, it can be applied at relativistic, even ultrarelativistic, intensities, which usually operate in low repetition rate ultrashort and ultraintense laser systems. We believe that it may have application in laser-plasma-based accelerators, strong terahertz radiations and celestial phenomena.

This paper presents a complete two-step phase-shifting (TSPS) spectral phase interferometry for direct electric-field reconstruction (SPIDER) to improve the reconstruction of ultrafast optical fields. Here, complete TSPS acts as a balanced detection that can not only remove the effect of the dc term of the interferogram, but also reduce measurement noises, and thereby improve the capability of SPIDER to measure the pulses with narrow spectra or complex spectral structures. Some prisms are chosen to replace some environment-sensitive optical components, especially reflective optics to improve operating stability and improve signal-to-noise ratio further. Our experiments show that the available shear can be decreased to 1.5% of the spectral width, which is only about $1/3$ compared with traditional SPIDER.

To seek high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is critical but challenging for single-shot intense terahertz (THz) coherent detection. This paper presents an improved common-path spectral interferometer for single-shot THz detection with a single chirped pulse as the probe for THz electro-optic (EO) sampling. Here, the spectral interference occurs between the two orthogonal polarization components with a required relative time delay generated with only a birefringent plate after the EO sensor. Our experiments show that this interferometer can effectively suppress the noise usually suffered in a non-common-path interferometer. The measured single-shot SNR is up to 88.85, and the measured THz waveforms are independent of the orientation of the used ZnTe EO sensor, so it is easy to operate and the results are more reliable. These features mean that the interferometer is quite qualified for applications where strong THz pulses, usually with single-shot or low repetition rate, are indispensable.